WEEK ONE

GEOG 581: Cartography Design

WEEK-03

Session ONE : Color and Topography

ArcGloble (Movies). (jump to 3:30).

MacEachren (1995, p.64). "from a cartographic point of view... we are interested in ... how the brain processes visual signals not because this knowledge is likely to tell us how maps work, but because these process put limits on what symbolization and design variations might work."

Visible Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum:

	(Image source): http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html
	(Image source): http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html

Human Visual System:

http://webvision.med.utah.edu/ (Webvision Home Page).

(Figures from http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/sagitta2.jpeg )

Rods and cones are specialized nerve cells that contain light-sensitive chemicals called visual pigments, which generate an electrical responses to light. (Slocum, et. al, p.182)

Theories of Color Perception:

Trichromatic theory: color perception is a function of the relative stimulation of the three types of cones (blue, green, and red).

Image resource: http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/PACE/VA-Lab/colourperceptionweb/theories.htm

Opponent-process theory: color perception is based on a lightness-darkness channel and two opponent color channels: red-green and blue-yellow.

Image resource: http://www.psych.ucalgary.ca/PACE/VA-Lab/colourperceptionweb/theories.htm

Color vision impairment (4 percent in U.S.): anomalous trichromats (three colors combined) dichromats (two colors combined).

Primary Visual Cortex: http://webvision.med.utah.edu/VisualCortex.html

Map Display Hardware

CRTs (cathode ray tubes)

	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube
	http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcathoderaytube.htm

Three electron gun: Red, Green, and Blue.

Additive color.

Three phosphors compose a pixel. (Resolution of a monitor)

The CRT screen must be refreshed constantly. (Refresh Frequency).

Color on a CRT screen

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/cchem/RGBColors/body_rgbcolors.html

Frame buffer is an area of memory that stores a digital representation of colors:

R + G + B

8 bits (2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2) = 256 (each color gun)

256 (R) x 256 (G) x 256 (B) = 16.8 million colors (TRUE color)

http://www.webstyleguide.com/graphics/displays.html

LCDs (Liquid crystal display),

	Light,
	Compact,
	low-frequency magnetic fields.
	no flicker (refresh rate)
	Expensive.
	One one resultion (fixed pixel)
	Others?

	http://www.viewsonic.com/products/lcd101_howlcdswork.htm
	http://sharp-world.com/sc/library/lcd_e/s2_1_1e.htm
	http://www.digitalhomemag.com/features/default.asp?pagetypeid=2&articleid=30486&subsectionid=1300&subsubsectionid=935
	Pictures

Plasma Display (Pictures from online digitalhome magazine)

	Large screen size
	Expensive
	Broad View angles.

OLED: organic light-emitting diode, a display device that sandwiches carbon-based films between two charged electrodes, one a metallic cathode and one a transparent anode, usually being glass.

	Increased brightness
	Faster response time for full motion video
	Lighter weight
	Greater durability
	Broader operating temperature ranges

Examples: E-paper: http://www.rolltronics.com/tech/faswitch.html

http://www.wave-report.com/tutorials/oled.htm

Bistable: (Mobile Display Devices) retain on-screen images even after the power has been turned off.

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,1566190,00.asp

DLP, LCOS...

PCMagazine: What's new with Displays

http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,1759,1566186,00.asp

COLOR MODEL

Visual Variables: Color variables:

Hue, Saturation, Value

RGB Model: additive color combination

RED, GREEN, Blue

http://www.susqu.edu/webcentral/rgbcolor.cfm

(Web site: background color # 00FF00 -->? Green color)

(problem: equal step in the RGB color space do not correspond to equal visual steps.)

(CC) (99) (66) (33)

B B B B

CMYK Model: subtractive colors. (K: Black)

(For printing)

(Image from http://www.sketchpad.net/basics4.htm )

HSV Model

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_color_space

(Same problem with RGB: selecting a color midway between two colors will not result in a color that is perceived to be midway between those colors.)

Munsell Model:

Musnsell model is asymmetrical, because the model is perceptually based.

(the lightest possible green does appear brighter than the lightest possible red).

GREEN RED

HVC Model: hue, value and chroma: developed by Tektronix on computer graphic display.

CIE Model: Commission International De l'Eclairage.

	(X, Y coordinates)
	(exact color reproduction).

Image from : http://www2.ncsu.edu/scivis/lessons/colormodels/color_models2.html

	Color Model History: http://www.cs.brown.edu/courses/cs092/VA10/HTML/ColorModels.html
	Use colors for spatial information: http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/Terrain/AutoCarto.html

Session TWO

Topography

The map is not only a picture; it is primarily, a means of providing information. It has other responsibilities than has painting.... Eduard Imhof (1982).

INTRODUCTION

Digital Elevation Model (DEM).

USGS Website Download:

DEM Mapping Examples: http://personalpages.tds.net/~gordies/DEMmapping.htm

Digital Elevation Model with Hillshade

http://map.sdsu.edu/images/dem-1.jpg

DEM Example:

Vertical Views:

Hachures.

	http://www.alaskool.org/resources/teaching/national_archives/maps.htm
	http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/huebner/grg312/lect6.html

Contour-Based Methods:

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0307/es0307page08.cfm

Shadowed contours (Tanaka's methds)

Image from http://www.iupui.edu/~geotech/g337/lecture12/lecture12.html

Shaded Relief (Hill shading)

	http://www.shadedrelief.com/
	Swiss cartographers (Imhof)
	http://www.maps.ethz.ch/imhofD18.html (1963)
	Creating Swiss-style shaded relief http://www.shadedrelief.com/shading/Swiss.html

Other Techniques: Aspect and Slope

http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/c/a/cab38/GEOG321/09_relief02/relief4.html

COLOR REPRESENTATION OF ASPECT AND SLOPE SIMULTANEOUSLY

Cynthia A. Brewer and Ken A. Marlow
Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182

Cindy’s current email at Penn State: cbrewer@psu.edu

Published in:
Proceedings, Eleventh International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography (Auto-Carto-11), Minneapolis, October/November 1993, pp. 328-337.

3D maps: ArcGloble (Movies). (jump to 3:30).

Draped Images

	http://www.geoacoustics.com/Image%20Gallery/GeoSwath%20Gallery/GeoSwath.htm
	http://geology.asu.edu/~reynolds/home.htm

3D Physical Models:

	Tele-Manufacturing Facility (TMF), UCSD Supercomputer Center: http://www.sdsc.edu/tmf/ (Quick time movies).
	San Diego Bay: http://www.sdsc.edu/tmf/Examples/SDbay/sdbay.html
	3D view (by using 3D glasses)

DISCUSSION

Week TWO Question:

	What kind of maps is your first printout map? (Greenvalley) Thematic map or Reference map or Pragmatic map? (Explain WHY).
	What's the major differences between ArcGlobe and ArcMap (compare their functions, usability, and map display methods). Which one did you prefer? WHY?
	How many different classification methods provided by the ArcGlobe or ArcMap? Please list all of them with a brief explanation of each methods. (Suggestion: you can use ArcGIS Desktop Help (from the program menu) to find out the answers)

Http://map.sdsu.edu/forum