The tools and techniques required for implementation of an operational monitoring system were developed through the course of this project. Specifications for operational image-based monitoring are provided in this section. Examples of operational implementation that have recently begun for a few specific preserves are also described. Full implementation across the entire NCCP preserve systems will require government mandates or strong incentives for active and continuous monitoring. In addition, participation, cooperation, and cost-sharing on the part of the agencies and reserve managers will be necessary if image-based monitoring programs are to become operational. Reduction of satellite/aerial image acquisition and processing costs will further increase the likelihood of widespread habitat monitoring programs. For more specific information on potential of such presented techniques please refer to the project report (PDF).

 
Prototype Monitoring System
We prescribe a prototype system based on the premise that the most effective means for assessing the quality of habitat for the entire NCCP program is to detect changes in vegetation properties at three monitoring scales. Image data with 30 m spatial resolution will be most cost-effective for monitoring at the regional level of the NCCP reserve system (5500 km2). Image data with 1 to 5_m spatial resolution from commercial satellites should be utilized for monitoring sub-regional reserve systems such as the MSCP. Habitat changes will be quantified on the basis of changes in image-derived measures over time, resulting in maps depicting “hot spots” of likely habitat change. Even more detailed (0.5 to 1 m resolution) commercially-available imagery from digital cameras mounted on light aircraft could be captured and analyzed for areas determined from the regional and sub-regional level monitoring to be “hot spots” of change. Also, managers of individual habitat reserves may request regular coverage with these detailed aerial images to assist them in locating habitat lands in need of adaptive management actions (such as fencing, weed control, or seeding).

Remote sensing-based habitat monitoring systems provide timely habitat information at all scales of management. Overall costs for habitat monitoring will be reduced by minimizing and focusing field observations of habitat condition. At each scale, the principle value of the remote sensing approach is not necessarily cost savings, but rather, the unique ability to monitor extensive land areas in a spatially and temporally comprehensive, intensive, detailed, and frequent manner.

Developing a Fully Operational Remote Sensing-Based Monitoring System
The goal of establishing a fully operational monitoring system for NCCP preserves is close to being realized at the level of the individual preserve. Significant strides are evident in current projects for the Nature Reserve of Orange County, Marron Valley, and 4-S/Lusardi Ranch. To meet the larger goal of providing a system for regional monitoring, one that addresses the entire NCCP preserve system, will require legislators and wildlife agency personnel to make a greater commitment to monitoring and managing habitat. Implementation of a regional system necessitates coordinated efforts at a higher level; it requires commitments on the part of the supervisory agencies (California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) to develop such a system. To date, despite strong statements recommending such a strategy, the responsible agencies have taken no significant steps toward regional monitoring (except for monitoring related to a single taxonomic group). A system for broad regional vegetation monitoring has not been initiated. The current state and federal fiscal climate is not conducive to new and expanded resource management efforts. Recommendations for further actions to achieve regional monitoring are presented below.